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In IIT 3.x, every choice of subsystems gave a partition of the system. In IIT 4.0, partitions are more constrained, they have to destroy the mechanism.
== Introduction of Relations relations == The most significant change in IIT 4.0 is the introduction of relations. To this end, one first considers the set of all causes or effects, which are what has previously been called the core effects and core causes for every mechanism in the system that has non-zero phi. For every element in this set, one then identifies an ''overlap'', and defines a relational small phi based on this overlap and based on partitions of the mechanism. Subsequent to this one applies the rationale that has been applied in IIT 3.x to the relational structure so uncovered.
